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Echo complement is a syntactic constituent that has either an anaphoric or a metonymic relation with another constituent in the same sentence. The term seems to have been used firstly by Guillet and Leclère (1981, pp. 116–117),〔GUILLET, A. AND LECLÈRE, C. 1981. Restructuration du groupe nominal. Langages 63, 99–125.〕 in the setting of the operation of ''NP restructuring'', that is, a transformation linking the sentence types: ''N1 of N2 V'' = ''N2 V Prep N1'', e.g. ‘The style/architecture of this house is very impressive’ = ‘This house is very impressive by/for its style/architecture’. The concept implies that the notion of ''appropriation'' (Harris 1976:113-115)〔HARRIS, Z. S. 1991. A Theory of Language and Information. A Mathematical Approach. Clarendon.〕 between N1 (v.g. ‘style/architecture’), on one hand, and N2 as argument of V (v.g. ‘house’ and ‘(be) impressive’, on the other hand, which results from the metonymy between N1 and N2. Though briefly noted, the term was then used to designate a type of prepositional complement that renders more “precise” while recovering, at least partially, the meaning of the utterance (our translation). Even then, the authors considered the notion could be extended to other types of prepositional complements such as: - ''moi-même'' ‘myself’ in ''J’ai fait ça (de/par) moi-même'' ‘I have done this myself’, where a redundant reflexive pronoun reinstates the subject NP; or - in ''J’ai un apartment à moi'' ‘I have my own apartment/I have an apartment of my own’, where a redundant/emphatic oblique pronoun (in French) recovers both the subject NP and the possession relation of avoir ‘to have’. The same term and analysis are more recently retaken by Laporte (2004).〔LAPORTE, É . 2004. Restructuration and the subject of adjectives. Linguisticae Investigationes Supplementa Series, vol. Syntax, Lexis and Lexicon-Grammar. Papers in honour of Maurice Gross. John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 373–388.〕 In another work (Guillet and Leclère 1992, p. 109),〔GUILLET, A. AND LECLÈRE, C. 1992. La structure des phrases simples en français: 2-Les contructions transitives locatives. Droz, Paris.〕 the authors use the term in yet another syntactic setting, v.g. ''mettre du beurre sur'' = ''beurrer'' ‘to put butter over/on = to butter’, where ''mettre'' 'put' is analysed as a support-verb. This relation, however, could correspond to the ''Fusion'' operation.〔GROSS, M. 1981. Les bases empiriques de la notion de prédicat sémantique. Langages 63, 7–52.〕 Theoretical considerations apart, the relevant observation is that the verbal sentence allows a prepositional complement with the noun whence the verb is derived (V-n). This complements usually zeroed unless it is given a specifying modifier, e.g. ''Max beurre sa tar tine de de beurre (salé/de ferme)'' ‘Max buttered his toast with salted/farm butter’. The term has been adopted for Portuguese by Baptista (2005b, pp. 157–162),〔BAPTISTA, J. 2005b. Sintaxe dos Nomes Predicativos com verbo-suporte SER DE. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa.〕 to name apparently facultative human complements introduced by compound preposition ''para com'' ‘towards’ (lit:‘for with’), in support verb constructions, e.g. ''O gesto do Pedro para com o João foi de uma grande delicadeza'' = ''O gesto do Pedro foi de uma grande delicadeza para com o João'' ‘Peter’s gesture towards John was of great delicacy = Peter’s gesture was of great delicacy towards John’. Nevertheless, in the same work (Baptista 2005b, p. 165),〔BAPTISTA, J. 2005b. Sintaxe dos Nomes Predicativos com verbo-suporte SER DE. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa.〕 when referring to the distinction between symmetrical and reciprocal constructions, calls the type of complement here addressed, ''pronominal copy''. While other authors, namely Guillet and Leclère (1992),〔GUILLET, A. AND LECLÈRE, C. 1992. La structure des phrases simples en français: 2-Les contructions transitives locatives. Droz, Paris.〕 Laporte (2004),〔LAPORTE, É . 2004. Restructuration and the subject of adjectives. Linguisticae Investigationes Supplementa Series, vol. Syntax, Lexis and Lexicon-Grammar. Papers in honour of Maurice Gross. John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 373–388.〕 and Baptista (2005a,b),〔BAPTISTA, J. 2005a. Construções simétricas: argumentos e complementos. In Estudos de homenagem a Mário Vilela, O.Figueiredo, G.Rio-Torto, and F.Silva, Eds.Fac.Letras-U. Porto, pp. 353–367.〕〔BAPTISTA, J. 2005b. Sintaxe dos Nomes Predicativos com verbo-suporte SER DE. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa.〕 may have used the term ''echo complement'' to describe different linguistic phenomena, and apparently have not used it for the specific type of complement here addressed, the term could fit the first definition provided by Guillet and Leclère (1981, pp. 116–117).〔GUILLET, A. AND LECLÈRE, C. 1981. Restructuration du groupe nominal. Langages 63, 99–125.〕 Though briefly noted, the term was then used to designate a type of prepositional complement that “renders more “precise” while recovering, at least partially, the meaning of the utterance” (our translation). More recently (Baptista 2005a),〔BAPTISTA, J. 2005a. Construções simétricas: argumentos e complementos. In Estudos de homenagem a Mário Vilela, O.Figueiredo, G.Rio-Torto, and F.Silva, Eds.Fac.Letras-U. Porto, pp. 353–367.〕 the term was used for anaphoric expressions in reciprocal constructions, analysable as the result of the reduction of two coordinated sentences with same predicate but with two constituents in symmetrical position: ''Peter talked with John and John talked with Peter'' → ''Peter and John talked with each other'' == References == 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Echo complement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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